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Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, [1] which can contain data and code: data in the form of fields (often known as attributes or properties), and code in the form of procedures (often known as methods).
In other words, the object-oriented interface to some service or system. Such an interface is said to be the object model of the represented service or system. For example, the Document Object Model (DOM) is a collection of objects that represent a page in a web browser , used by script programs to examine and dynamically change the page.
Even though object-oriented seems like a superset of object-based, they are used as mutually exclusive alternatives, rather than overlapping. [citation needed] Examples of strictly object-based languages – supporting an object feature but not inheritance or subtyping – are early versions of Ada, [2] Visual Basic 6 (VB6), and Fortran 90.
The listed languages are designed with varying degrees of OOP support. Some are highly focused in OOP while others support multiple paradigms including OOP. [ 1 ] For example, C++ is a multi- paradigm language including OOP; [ 2 ] however, it is less object-oriented than other languages such as Python [ 3 ] and Ruby .
private, a way of encapsulation in object-oriented programming; Programming paradigm; protected, a way of encapsulation in object-oriented programming; Protocol; Prototype pattern; Prototype-based programming; public, a way of encapsulation in object-oriented programming; Pure polymorphism; Pure virtual function (also called pure virtual method)
The various object-oriented programming languages enforce member accessibility and visibility to various degrees, and depending on the language's type system and compilation policies, enforced at either compile time or runtime. For example, the Java language does not allow client code that accesses the private data of a class to compile. [12]
Many object-oriented programming languages permit a class or object to replace the implementation of an aspect—typically a behavior—that it has inherited. This process is called overriding. Overriding introduces a complication: which version of the behavior does an instance of the inherited class use—the one that is part of its own class ...
In object-oriented programming, polymorphism is the provision of one interface to entities of different data types. [2] The concept is borrowed from a principle in biology where an organism or species can have many different forms or stages. [3] The most commonly recognized major forms of polymorphism are: