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Rhizophora is a genus of tropical mangrove trees, sometimes collectively called true mangroves. The most notable species is the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) but some other species and a few natural hybrids are known. Rhizophora species generally live in intertidal zones which are inundated daily by the ocean.
Bruguiera is the basal genus and Rhizophora the most derived genus in the tribe. [3] Rhizophora is the only pan-tropical genus that is distributed along the intertidal zones of both the Indo-West Pacific (IWP) and Atlantic-East Pacific (AEP) regions. [5] The remaining mangrove genera are restricted to the IWP region. [5]
Rhizophora mangle, also known as the red mangrove, [1] is a salt-tolerant, small-to-medium sized evergreen tree restricted to coastal, estuarine ecosystems along the southern portions of North America, the Caribbean as well as Central America and tropical West Africa. [2]
Bruguiera gymnorhiza, the large-leafed orange mangrove or oriental mangrove, [3]) is a mangrove tree that grows usually to 7–20 metres (23–66 ft) high, but sometimes up to 35m, that belongs to the family Rhizophoraceae. It is found on the seaward side of mangrove swamps, often in the company of Rhizophora.
Rhizophora mucronata is a small to medium size evergreen tree growing to a height of about 20 to 25 metres (66 to 82 ft) on the banks of rivers. On the fringes of the sea 10 or 15 metres (33 or 49 ft) is a more typical height. The tallest trees are closest to the water and shorter trees are further inland.
Rhizophora stylosa, the spotted mangrove, [4] red mangrove, small stilted mangrove or stilt-root mangrove, [5] is a small to medium-sized evergreen [6] tree in the family Rhizophoraceae. The specific epithet stylosa is from the Latin meaning 'stylus form', referring to the flower.
When new mudflats are formed, seagrasses are the first plants that grow on the mud, with Rhizophora racemosa, a pioneering species, being the first mangrove to appear. [3] With time, the mud solidifies and more tree and plant species arrive. On the seaward side the trees are short but get steadily taller further inland. [3]
In the 1920s, the Philippines had a mangrove cover estimated at between 4,000 km 2 (1,500 sq mi) to 5,000 km 2 (1,900 sq mi). It dropped to a low of 1,600 km 2 (620 sq mi) by 1994. The leading cause for mangrove deforestation in the Philippines is the commercial development of the areas for aquaculture.