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Acetaldehyde dehydrogenases (EC 1.2.1.10) are dehydrogenase enzymes which catalyze the conversion of acetaldehyde into acetyl-CoA. This can be summarized as follows: This can be summarized as follows:
Aldehyde dehydrogenase is a polymorphic enzyme [3] responsible for the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids. [3] There are three different classes of these enzymes in mammals: class 1 (low K m, cytosolic), class 2 (low K m, mitochondrial), and class 3 (high K m, such as those expressed in tumors, stomach, and cornea).
The reaction is the result of an accumulation of acetaldehyde, a metabolic byproduct of the catabolic metabolism of alcohol, and is caused by an aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency. [4] This syndrome has been associated with lower than average rates of alcoholism, possibly due to its association with adverse effects after drinking alcohol. [5]
The name "dehydrogenase" is based on the idea that it facilitates the removal (de-) of hydrogen (-hydrogen-) and is an enzyme (-ase). Dehydrogenase reactions come most commonly in two forms: the transfer of a hydride and release of a proton (often with water as a second reactant), and the transfer of two hydrogens.
In the Histidine variant, the enzyme is much more effective at the aforementioned conversion. [7] The enzyme responsible for the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate, however, remains unaffected, which leads to differential rates of substrate catalysis and causes a buildup of toxic acetaldehyde, causing cell damage. [7]
Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALDH2 gene located on chromosome 12. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] ALDH2 belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of enzymes. Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the second enzyme of the major oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism.
The increased accumulation of acetaldehyde in affected individuals due to deficient aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes often leads to the characteristic symptom of having flushed skin. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] On the other hand, the more uncommon alcohol allergy is an immune system reaction to alcohol (specifically ethanol) that causes symptoms such as ...
The reaction uses NAD + to convert the ethanol into acetaldehyde (a toxic carcinogen). The enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family ALDH2, EC 1.2.1.3) then converts the acetaldehyde into the non-toxic acetate ion (commonly found in acetic acid or vinegar). [4] [6] This ion is in turn is broken down into carbon dioxide ...