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Molecular physics is concerned with atomic processes in molecules, but it is additionally concerned with effects due to the molecular structure. Additionally to the electronic excitation states which are known from atoms, molecules are able to rotate and to vibrate. These rotations and vibrations are quantized; there are discrete energy levels.
The Lennard-Jones potential is a simple model that still manages to describe the essential features of interactions between simple atoms and molecules: Two interacting particles repel each other at very close distance, attract each other at moderate distance, and eventually stop interacting at infinite distance, as shown in the Figure.
When both temperature and pressure are held constant, and the number of particles is expressed in moles, the chemical potential is the partial molar Gibbs free energy. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] At chemical equilibrium or in phase equilibrium , the total sum of the product of chemical potentials and stoichiometric coefficients is zero, as the free energy is ...
where E is the energy of the quantum , f is the frequency of the light wave, h is the Planck constant, λ is the wavelength and c is the speed of light. The relationships between the energies of the various quantum states are treated by atomic orbital , molecular orbital , Ligand Field Theory and Crystal Field Theory .
If the electron absorbs a quantity of energy less than the binding energy, it will be transferred to an excited state. After a certain time, the electron in an excited state will "jump" (undergo a transition) to a lower state. In a neutral atom, the system will emit a photon of the difference in energy, since energy is conserved.
In materials science, segregation is the enrichment of atoms, ions, or molecules at a microscopic region in a materials system. While the terms segregation and adsorption are essentially synonymous, in practice, segregation is often used to describe the partitioning of molecular constituents to defects from solid solutions, [1] whereas adsorption is generally used to describe such partitioning ...
In physics and chemistry, binding energy is the smallest amount of energy required to remove a particle from a system of particles or to disassemble a system of particles into individual parts. [1] In the former meaning the term is predominantly used in condensed matter physics , atomic physics , and chemistry, whereas in nuclear physics the ...
A force field is the collection of parameters to describe the physical interactions between atoms or physical units (up to ~10 8) using a given energy expression. The term force field characterizes the collection of parameters for a given interatomic potential (energy function) and is often used within the computational chemistry community. [50]