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Unlike Eastern equine encephalitis, the overall mortality of WEE is low (approximately 4%) and is associated mostly with infection in the elderly. Approximately 15–20% of horses that acquire the virus will die or be put down. [3] There is no human vaccine for WEE and there are no licensed therapeutic drugs in the U.S. for this infection.
This lack of a cure or vaccine is a definite problem in the equine industry, especially in developing countries where equines are highly valuable for both agriculture and transportation. [5] Dourine is considered an endemic problem in developing countries, where over sixty percent of equines in the world are located. [ 4 ]
A vaccine is available for horses. [1] This vaccine is an inactivated vaccine that uses the TC-83 strain of EEEV. [13] It is usually given in combination with vaccines for Western equine encephalitis (WEE), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), and tetanus, [4] and is also used by
Equine influenza is characterized by a very high rate of transmission among horses, and has a relatively short incubation time of one to three days. [6] Clinical signs of equine influenza include fever (up to 106 °F [41 °C]), nasal discharge, have a dry, hacking cough, depression, loss of appetite and weakness. [6]
There is a vaccine available (ATCvet code QI05AA11 ), however its efficacy is questionable. [citation needed] The virus varies in severity from sub-clinical to very severe. [4] Most horses have been infected with EHV-1, but the virus can become latent and persist without ever causing signs of infection. [5]
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that causes Venezuelan equine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis (VEE). VEE can affect all equine species, such as horses, donkeys, and zebras. After infection, equines may suddenly die or show progressive central nervous system disorders. Humans also can contract this disease.
Equine encephalosis virus (EEV) is a species of virus the Orbivirus genus, and a member of the Reoviridae family, related to African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and Bluetongue virus (BTV). [ 1 ] First described in South Africa over a hundred years ago by Arnold Theiler , EEV is the causative agent of equine encephalosis ( EE ), an arthropod ...
Equine viral arteritis (EVA) is a disease of horses caused by a virus of the species Alphaarterivirus equid, an RNA virus. [1] [2] It is the only species in the genus Alphaarterivirus, and that is the only genus in the Equarterivirinae subfamily. The virus which causes EVA was first isolated in 1953, but the disease has afflicted equine animals ...