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Mild heating results in production of hydrogen chloride, nitrogen, oxygen, and water. 4 NH 4 ClO 4 → 4 HCl + 2 N 2 + 5 O 2 + 6 H 2 O. The combustion of AP is quite complex and is widely studied. AP crystals decompose before melting, even though a thin liquid layer has been observed on crystal surfaces during high-pressure combustion processes ...
The second half of glycolysis is known as the pay-off phase, characterised by a net gain of the energy-rich molecules ATP and NADH. [5] Since glucose leads to two triose sugars in the preparatory phase, each reaction in the pay-off phase occurs twice per glucose molecule. This yields 2 NADH molecules and 4 ATP molecules, leading to a net gain ...
Typically, the complete breakdown of one molecule of glucose by aerobic respiration (i.e. involving glycolysis, the citric-acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, the last providing the most energy) is usually about 30–32 molecules of ATP. [16] Oxidation of one gram of carbohydrate yields approximately 4 kcal of energy. [3]
The Gibbs free energy for converting a mole of CO 2 to glucose is 114 kcal, whereas eight moles of photons of wavelength 600 nm contains 381 kcal, giving a nominal efficiency of 30%. [2] However, photosynthesis can occur with light up to wavelength 720 nm so long as there is also light at wavelengths below 680 nm to keep Photosystem II ...
The electron in the higher energy level is unstable and will quickly return to its normal lower energy level. To do this, it must release the absorbed energy. This can happen in various ways. The extra energy can be converted into molecular motion and lost as heat, or re-emitted by the electron as light (fluorescence).
Perchlorate compounds oxidize organic compounds, especially when the mixture is heated. The explosive decomposition of ammonium perchlorate is catalyzed by metals and heat. [13] As perchlorate is a weak Lewis base (i.e., a weak electron pair donor) and a weak nucleophilic anion, it is also a very weakly coordinating anion. [13]
The anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid) system is dominant from about 10–30 seconds during a maximal effort. It produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, [3] or about 5% of glucose's energy potential (38 ATP molecules). [4] [5] The speed at which ATP is produced is about 100 times that of oxidative phosphorylation. [1]
The heating value (or energy value or calorific value) of a substance, usually a fuel or food (see food energy), is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it. The calorific value is the total energy released as heat when a substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen under standard conditions.