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Takeoff weight is the weight of an aircraft as it takes off partway along a runway. Few flight planning systems calculate the actual takeoff weight; instead, the fuel used for taking off is counted as part of the fuel used for climbing up to the normal cruise height. Landing weight is the weight of an aircraft as it lands at the destination ...
Rotation at the correct speed and to the correct angle is important for safety reasons and to minimise takeoff distance. [1] After rotation, the aircraft continues to accelerate until it reaches its liftoff speed V LO, at which point it leaves the runway. After liftoff, a speed V 2 will be called out, being the speed at which the aircraft is ...
The three axis of rotation in an aircraft. Flight dynamics is the science of air vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions. The three critical flight dynamics parameters are the angles of rotation in three dimensions about the vehicle's center of gravity (cg), known as pitch, roll and yaw.
Pilots calculate the Headwind or Tailwind Component and the Crosswind Component of local wind before takeoff. The direction of wind at a runway is measured using a windsock and the speed by an anemometer , often mounted on the same post.
Conventional airplanes accelerate along the ground until reaching a speed that is sufficient for the airplane to takeoff and climb at a safe speed. Some airplanes can take off at low speed, this being a short takeoff. Some aircraft such as helicopters and Harrier jump jets can take off and land vertically. Rockets also usually take off ...
A headwind will reduce the ground speed needed for takeoff, as there is a greater flow of air over the wings. Typical takeoff air speeds for jetliners are in the range of 240–285 km/h (130–154 kn; 149–177 mph). Light aircraft, such as a Cessna 150, take off at around 100 km/h (54 kn; 62 mph). Ultralights have even lower takeoff speeds.
Wing loading is a useful measure of the stalling speed of an aircraft. Wings generate lift owing to the motion of air around the wing. Larger wings move more air, so an aircraft with a large wing area relative to its mass (i.e., low wing loading) will have a lower stalling speed.
The true ground speed is determined by matching the center hole to the speed portion of the grid. The mathematical formulas that equate to the results of the flight computer wind calculator are as follows: (desired course is d, ground speed is V g, heading is a, true airspeed is V a, wind direction is w, wind speed is V w. d, a and w are angles.