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As electron kinetic energy and undulator parameters can be adapted as desired, free-electron lasers are tunable and can be built for a wider frequency range than any other type of laser, [3] currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves, through terahertz radiation and infrared, to the visible spectrum, ultraviolet, and X-ray.
Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) is a form of X-ray crystallography developed for use at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs). [1] [2] [3] Single pulses at free-electron lasers are bright enough to generate resolvable Bragg diffraction from sub-micron crystals. However, these pulses also destroy the crystals, meaning that a full data set ...
Free Electron Laser for Infrared eXperiments (FELIX) Radboud University, Nijmegen: Netherlands: 0.015–0.060: 1991: Dubna Electron Synchrotron (DELSY) JINR, Dubna: Russia: Siberian Synchrotron Radiation Centre (SSRC) Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk: Russia: 2 - 6 [2] 366 [3] 1973 [2] Technical Storage Ring Complex (TNK)
This article describes the x-ray lasers in plasmas, only. The plasma x-ray lasers rely on stimulated emission to generate or amplify coherent, directional, high-brightness electromagnetic radiation in the near X-ray or extreme ultraviolet region of the spectrum, that is, usually from ~3 nanometers to several tens of nanometers (nm) wavelength.
These facilities operate in the soft to hard x-ray range (100eV—100keV) with extremely high brilliance (in the order of 10 21 —10 22 photons/s/mm 2 /mrad 2 /0.1%BW) Together with X-ray free-electron lasers, they constitute the fourth generation of light sources, [1] characterized by a relatively high coherent flux (in the order of 10 14 ...
The 3.4-kilometre (2.1 mi) long tunnel for the European XFEL housing the superconducting linear accelerator and photon beamlines runs 6 to 38 m (20 to 125 ft) underground from the site of the DESY research center in Hamburg to the town of Schenefeld in Schleswig-Holstein, where the experimental stations, laboratories and administrative buildings are located.
The SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron LAser, referred to as SACLA (pronounced さくら (Sa-Ku-Ra)), is an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) in Harima Science Garden City, Japan, embedded in the SPring-8 accelerator and synchrotron complex. [1] [2] When it first came into operation 2011, it was the second XFEL in the world and the first in ...
The sample is first prepared in an excited state by a laser pulse and then probed by an X-ray pulse. With the advent of XFELs, sources that can provide extremely brilliant (more than five orders of magnitude larger than synchrotron sources) and extremely short X-ray pulses, X-ray spectroscopies performed in a pump and probe fashion are nowadays ...