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"HIV infection is the greatest known risk factor for the progression of latent M. tuberculosis infection to active TB. In many African countries, 30–60% of all new TB cases occur in people with HIV, and TB is the leading cause of death globally for HIV-infected people." [10]
This severe form of TB disease, most common in young children and those with HIV, is called miliary tuberculosis. [97] People with this disseminated TB have a high fatality rate even with treatment (about 30%). [53] [98] In many people, the infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and fibrosis. [94]
At this point somebody has developed primary tuberculosis, which means that they have signs of infection soon after being exposed to TB. Even though it sounds bad, most people at this stage are actually asymptomatic or maybe have a mild flu-like illness. About 3 weeks after initial infection, cell-mediated immunity kicks in, and immune cells ...
Around 10 percent have lost more than half of their lung function. [4] Delayed diagnosis of TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, and repeated TB infections are correlated with greater incidence of PTLD. [2] People who have HIV are less likely to have PTLD, possibly because of their impaired immune response.
An infectious disease agent can be transmitted in two ways: as horizontal disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group) [3] by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact through air – cough or sneeze (vectors or fomites that allow the transmission of the agent causing the disease without physical ...
Management of tuberculosis refers to techniques and procedures utilized for treating tuberculosis (TB), or simply a treatment plan for TB.. The medical standard for active TB is a short course treatment involving a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin (also known as Rifampin), pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for the first two months.
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis caused by bacteria that are resistant to some of the most effective anti-TB drugs. XDR-TB strains have arisen after the mismanagement of individuals with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Almost one in four people in the world is infected with TB bacteria. [1]
Consider the situation where person A has tuberculosis and believes he acquired it from person B. If the bacteria isolated from each person belong to different types, then transmission from B to A is definitively disproven; however, if the bacteria are the same strain, then this supports (but does not definitively prove) the hypothesis that B ...