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Ring theory studies the structure of rings; their representations, or, in different language, modules; special classes of rings (group rings, division rings, universal enveloping algebras); related structures like rngs; as well as an array of properties that prove to be of interest both within the theory itself and for its applications, such as ...
Diagram of ring theory showing circles of acquaintance and direction of travel for comfort and "dumping" Ring theory is a concept or paradigm in psychology that recommends a strategy for dealing with the stress a person may feel when someone they encounter, know or love is undergoing crisis. [ 1 ]
A ring is a set R equipped with two binary operations [a] + (addition) and ⋅ (multiplication) satisfying the following three sets of axioms, called the ring axioms: [1] [2] [3] R is an abelian group under addition, meaning that: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) for all a, b, c in R (that is, + is associative). a + b = b + a for all a, b in R (that ...
The Weyl algebras are Ore extensions, with R any commutative polynomial ring, σ the identity ring endomorphism, and δ the polynomial derivative. Ore algebras are a class of iterated Ore extensions under suitable constraints that permit to develop a noncommutative extension of the theory of Gröbner bases.
A ring in which all idempotents are central is called an abelian ring. Such rings need not be commutative. A ring is directly irreducible if and only if 0 and 1 are the only central idempotents. A ring R can be written as e 1 R ⊕ e 2 R ⊕ ... ⊕ e n R with each e i a local idempotent if and only if R is a semiperfect ring.
In the branch of abstract algebra known as ring theory, a minimal right ideal of a ring R is a non-zero right ideal which contains no other non-zero right ideal. Likewise, a minimal left ideal is a non-zero left ideal of R containing no other non-zero left ideals of R, and a minimal ideal of R is a non-zero ideal containing no other non-zero two-sided ideal of R (Isaacs 2009, p. 190).
The theory of nil ideals is of major importance in noncommutative ring theory. In particular, through the understanding of nil rings—rings whose every element is nilpotent—one may obtain a much better understanding of more general rings. [3] In the case of commutative rings, there is always a maximal nil ideal: the nilradical of the ring.
For a general ring with unity R, the Jacobson radical J(R) is defined as the ideal of all elements r ∈ R such that rM = 0 whenever M is a simple R-module.That is, = {=}. This is equivalent to the definition in the commutative case for a commutative ring R because the simple modules over a commutative ring are of the form R / for some maximal ideal of R, and the annihilators of R / in R are ...