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Extrinsic emotion regulation efforts by caregivers, including situation selection, modification, and distraction, are particularly important for infants. [72] The emotion regulation strategies employed by caregivers to attenuate distress or to up-regulate positive affect in infants can impact the infants' emotional and behavioral development ...
In addition, children who have increased levels of cortisol, during daycare or nursery school time, experience extreme hardship upholding attention. [25] Maintaining attention is a part of self-regulation, and these children are not able to regulate their behaviors due to the high cortisol levels. [25]
Co-regulation has been identified as a critical precursor for emotional self-regulation.Infants have instinctive regulatory behaviors, such as gaze redirection, body re-positioning, self-soothing, distraction, problem solving, and venting, [3] but the most effective way for an infant to regulate distress is to seek out help from a caregiver.
In the latter case, the infant itself might be drawn to construct a negative working model of the self and the relationship. Furthermore, a parent with a negative, poorly organized and inconsistent working model might fail to provide useful feedback about the parent-infant dyad and other relationships, thus disrupting the infant's forming of a ...
At 10 years old, children's emotion regulation involves a balance of problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping strategies. [6] Problem-focused coping represents a change driven strategy, focused on attempting to eliminate the source of stress through proactive action (e.g., if a child feels worried about a test, choosing to study to ...
Childhood attachment can define characteristics that will shape the child's sense of self, their forms of emotion-regulation, and how they carry out relationships with others. [4] Attachment is found in all mammals to some degree, especially primates. Attachment theory has led to a new understanding of child development.
Children who have a secure attachment to their father tend to have improved developmental outcomes in a variety of ways including having improved social abilities with their peers, having fewer problem behaviours, and the paternal effects on developing a greater level of emotional self-regulation are especially significant.
The Interpersonal World of the Infant (1985) is one of the most prominent works of psychoanalyst Daniel N. Stern, in which he describes the development of four interrelated senses of self. [1] These senses of self develop over the lifespan, but make significant developmental strides during sensitive periods in the first two years of life.