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Most European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) nations share open inter-state borders as part of the Schengen Agreement, allowing free flow of people between nations: controls on entry to the entire Schengen area are carried out at the first country of entry.
Four European microstates — Andorra, [4] Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City — are not officially part of the Schengen Area, but are considered de facto within the Schengen Area, as they have open or semi-open borders and do not conduct systematic border controls with the Schengen countries that surround them.
Open border through Schengen Morocco: 18.5 km (11.5 mi) Spain: The border is located in Ceuta and Melilla Moldova: 683 km (424 mi) Romania Monaco: 6 km (3.7 mi) France: Open border Montenegro: 19 km (12 mi) Croatia North Macedonia: 396 km (246 mi) Bulgaria and Greece Norway: 2,375 km (1,476 mi) Finland and Sweden: Open border through Schengen
However, consultations with affected countries are conducted prior to the adoption of particular new legislation. [14] In 2016, border controls were temporarily reintroduced in seven Schengen countries (Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Norway, Poland, and Sweden) in response to the European migrant crisis. [15] [16]
Also, three European microstates – Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City – maintain open borders for passenger traffic with their neighbours, and are therefore considered de facto members of the Schengen Area due to the practical impossibility of travelling to or from them without transiting through at least one Schengen member country.
About 1.5 million people are thought to have fled to Poland since Russia’s invasion began.
ETIAS is required for entry by land, air and sea to 30 European countries, including the 29 member states of the Schengen Area, as well as Cyprus. Ireland, which is part of the Common Travel Area, is the only member state of the European Union that continues to have its own visa policy and does not plan to join the Schengen Area or to require ETIAS.
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