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Ebstein's anomaly is a congenital heart defect in which the septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve are displaced downwards towards the apex of the right ventricle of the heart. [1] EA has great anatomical heterogeneity that generates a wide spectrum of clinical features at presentation and is complicated by the fact that the ...
Ebstein's anomaly [31] – about 50% of individuals with Ebstein anomaly have an associated shunt between the right and left atria, either an atrial septal defect or a patent foramen ovale. [32] Fetal alcohol syndrome – about one in four patients with fetal alcohol syndrome has either an ASD or a ventricular septal defect. [33]
Eisenmenger syndrome or Eisenmenger's syndrome is defined as the process in which a long-standing left-to-right cardiac shunt caused by a congenital heart defect (typically by a ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, or less commonly, patent ductus arteriosus) causes pulmonary hypertension [1] [2] and eventual reversal of the shunt into a cyanotic right-to-left shunt.
Cerebral infarction, also known as an ischemic stroke, is the pathologic process that results in an area of necrotic tissue in the brain (cerebral infarct). [1] In mid to high income countries, a stroke is the main reason for disability among people and the 2nd cause of death. [2]
The symptoms and the severity of these symptoms vary between patients where most patients experience nephritis in childhood and then progress to kidney failure in adolescence. [5] In macrothrombocytopenia platelet sizes can reach to approximately 6.6 um compared to a normal platelet size of 2.5 um where 30% platelets can reach the size of an ...
If radiofrequency catheter ablation is successfully performed, the condition is generally considered cured. Recurrence rates are typically less than 5% after a successful ablation. [26] Some patients, such as the ones with underlying Ebstein's anomaly and inherited cardiomyopathies, may have multiple accessory pathways. [28]
Signs and symptoms depend on the specific type of defect. [3] Symptoms can vary from none to life-threatening. [7] When present, symptoms are variable and may include rapid breathing, bluish skin , poor weight gain, and feeling tired. [2] CHD does not cause chest pain. [2] Most congenital heart defects are not associated with other diseases. [3]
Unlike many effects of stroke, where the clinician is able to judge the particular area of the brain that a stroke has injured by certain signs or symptoms, the causation of apraxia is less clear. A common theory is that the part of the brain that contains information for previously learned skilled motor activities has been either lost or ...