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Forceful, external rotation of the ankle joint is the main cause of a Maisonneuve fracture. [4] [7] Engaging in high-intensity sports or falling over can increase the risk of tearing the deltoid ligament or cause an avulsion fracture of the medial malleolus from external rotation of the foot.
The deltoid ligament (or medial ligament of talocrural joint) is a strong, flat, triangular band, attached, above, to the apex and anterior and posterior borders of the medial malleolus. The deltoid ligament supports the ankle joint and also resists excessive eversion of the foot. [1] The deltoid ligament is composed of 4 fibers:
In early stages, patients will describe foot and ankle pain. Swelling will also be present. Patients often have difficulty standing on their toes, difficulty walking on uneven surfaces, difficulty walking up and down stairs, and unusual or uneven wear on shoes.
Anterior cruciate ligament (knee), medial collateral ligament (knee), ulnar collateral ligaments (wrist/hand), interspinous ligaments (vertebrae) Muscles; Biceps brachii (upper arm), rectus femoris (thigh), transverse abdominis (abdominals) Tendons; Patellar tendon (knee), calcaneal/Achilles tendon (foot/lower leg), biceps tendon (shoulder ...
The player receives a blow to the outside of the ankle, causing the ankle to roll inwards (so that the sole of the foot faces laterally). This damages the ligaments on the inside of the ankle and fractures the fibula at the point of contact (usually just above the tibiofibular syndesmosis).
Palliative treatments consist of stretching, analgesics, and padding (e.g. cushioned foot wear for plantar fasciitis), splints (e.g. tennis elbow strap), and other treatments. The concept that a calcified attachment can be removed surgically is highly debatable as these calcifications are a regular part of an enthesopathy.