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Since ports are only attached to node 1 and node 4, nodes 2 and 3 need to be removed through Kron reduction. The table below shows the reduced Y parameter matrix of the Chebyshev filter example simulation after nodes 2 and 4 are eliminated. The nodes of the reduced table are renumbered to 1 and 2.
Here the capacitance of capacitor C1 is multiplied by approximately the transistor's current gain (β). Without Q, R2 would be the load on the capacitor. With Q in place, the loading imposed upon C1 is simply the load current reduced by a factor of (β + 1). Consequently, C1 appears multiplied by a factor of (β + 1) when viewed by the load.
Mixed-mode simulation is handled on three levels by CircuitLogix: (a) with primitive digital elements that use timing models and a built-in 12-state digital logic simulator, (b) with subcircuit models that use the actual transistor topology of the integrated circuit, and finally, (c) with In-line Boolean logic expressions. These two modeling ...
Figure 2.Greinacher circuit. The Greinacher voltage doubler is a significant improvement over the Villard circuit for a small cost in additional components. The ripple is much reduced, nominally zero under open-circuit load conditions, but when current is being drawn depends on the resistance of the load and the value of the capacitors used.
Then the resistance seen by the test voltage is found using the circuit in the right panel of Figure 1 and is simply V X / I X = R 1. Form the product C 1 R 1. Add these terms. In effect, it is as though each capacitor charges and discharges through the resistance found in the circuit when the other capacitor is an open circuit.
To model the nonideal behavior of a real circuit component may require a combination of multiple ideal electrical elements to approximate its function. For example, an inductor circuit element is assumed to have inductance but no resistance or capacitance, while a real inductor, a coil of wire, has some resistance in addition to its inductance ...
The simplest switched-capacitor (SC) circuit is made of one capacitor and two switches S 1 and S 2 which alternatively connect the capacitor to either in or out at a switching frequency of . Recall that Ohm's law can express the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance as:
The term n(n+1) U f represents the sum of voltage losses caused by diodes, over all capacitors on the output side (i.e. on the right side in the example ‒ C 2 and C 4). For example if we have 2 stages like in the example, the total loss is 2+4 = 2*(2+1) = 6 times U f.