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Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data, and thus perform tasks without explicit instructions. [1]
Machine learning (ML) is a subfield of artificial intelligence within computer science that evolved from the study of pattern recognition and computational learning theory. [1] In 1959, Arthur Samuel defined machine learning as a "field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed". [ 2 ]
Theoretical results in machine learning mainly deal with a type of inductive learning called supervised learning. In supervised learning, an algorithm is given samples that are labeled in some useful way. For example, the samples might be descriptions of mushrooms, and the labels could be whether or not the mushrooms are edible.
All examples in the books use a hypothetical language called "MIX assembly language" (MIXAL), which runs on "a mythical computer called MIX". Currently, [when?] the MIX computer is being replaced by the MMIX computer, which is a RISC version. The conversion from MIX to MMIX was a large ongoing project for which Knuth solicited volunteers for help.
The book outlines five approaches of machine learning: inductive reasoning, connectionism, evolutionary computation, Bayes' theorem and analogical modelling.The author explains these tribes to the reader by referring to more understandable processes of logic, connections made in the brain, natural selection, probability and similarity judgments.
Furthermore, researchers involved in exploring learning algorithms for neural networks are gradually uncovering generic principles that allow a learning machine to be successful. For example, Bengio and LeCun (2007) wrote an article regarding local vs non-local learning, as well as shallow vs deep architecture. [231]
Bayesian methods are introduced for probabilistic inference in machine learning. [1] 1970s 'AI winter' caused by pessimism about machine learning effectiveness. 1980s: Rediscovery of backpropagation causes a resurgence in machine learning research. 1990s: Work on Machine learning shifts from a knowledge-driven approach to a data-driven approach.
Machine learning control (MLC) is a subfield of machine learning, intelligent control, and control theory which aims to solve optimal control problems with machine learning methods. Key applications are complex nonlinear systems for which linear control theory methods are not applicable.
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