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The polynomial x 2 + cx + d, where a + b = c and ab = d, can be factorized into (x + a)(x + b).. In mathematics, factorization (or factorisation, see English spelling differences) or factoring consists of writing a number or another mathematical object as a product of several factors, usually smaller or simpler objects of the same kind.
If two or more factors of a polynomial are identical, then the polynomial is a multiple of the square of this factor. The multiple factor is also a factor of the polynomial's derivative (with respect to any of the variables, if several). For univariate polynomials, multiple factors are equivalent to multiple roots (over a suitable extension field).
Let f ∈ F q [x] of degree n be the polynomial to be factored. Algorithm Distinct-degree factorization(DDF) Input: A monic square-free polynomial f ∈ F q [x] Output: The set of all pairs (g, d), such that f has an irreducible factor of degree d and g is the product of all monic irreducible factors of f of degree d.
In contrast, the graph of the function f(x) + k = x 2 + k is a parabola shifted upward by k whose vertex is at (0, k), as shown in the center figure. Combining both horizontal and vertical shifts yields f(x − h) + k = (x − h) 2 + k is a parabola shifted to the right by h and upward by k whose vertex is at (h, k), as shown in the bottom figure.
If one root r of a polynomial P(x) of degree n is known then polynomial long division can be used to factor P(x) into the form (x − r)Q(x) where Q(x) is a polynomial of degree n − 1. Q(x) is simply the quotient obtained from the division process; since r is known to be a root of P(x), it is known that the remainder must be zero.
A primorial x# is the product of all primes from 2 to x. The first: 2, 6, 30, 210, 2310, 30030, 510510, 9699690, 223092870, 6469693230, 200560490130, 7420738134810 (sequence A002110 in the OEIS). 1# = 1 is sometimes included. A factorial x! is the product of all numbers from 1 to x.
Another geometric proof proceeds as follows: We start with the figure shown in the first diagram below, a large square with a smaller square removed from it. The side of the entire square is a, and the side of the small removed square is b. The area of the shaded region is . A cut is made, splitting the region into two rectangular pieces, as ...
Fermat's method works best when there is a factor near the square-root of N. If the approximate ratio of two factors ( d / c {\displaystyle d/c} ) is known, then a rational number v / u {\displaystyle v/u} can be picked near that value.