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It was the last in a series of at least four caldera-forming eruptions there, the earlier known caldera having formed about 1.2 million years ago. [3] This, the last eruption had an estimated volcanic explosivity index of 8, making it the largest known explosive volcanic eruption in the Quaternary, and one of the largest known explosive ...
Extinction Date Probable causes [2] Quaternary: Holocene extinction: c. 10,000 BC – Ongoing: Humans [3] Quaternary extinction event: 640,000, 74,000, and 13,000 years ago: Unknown; may include climate changes, massive volcanic eruptions and Humans (largely by human overhunting) [4] [5] [6] Neogene: Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary extinction: 2 Ma
The largest volcanic eruption of the past two million years occurred on the Indonesian island of Sumatra some 75,000 years ago. The impact from the supervolcano Lake Toba decimated the local habitat, but gas, ash and debris from Toba made their way around the planet and formed a shield in the atmosphere that deflected the sun's warming rays.
An archaeological site in Ethiopia has revealed that a population of humans survived the eruption of Sumatra’s Mount Toba 74,000 years ago. One of the largest eruptions in Earth’s history ...
The Yellowstone Caldera formed over 600,000 years ago from the Lava Creek Tuff eruption, which was measured on the Volcanic Explosivity Index as an 8, according to the U.S. Geological Survey ...
When dinosaurs got big. Another period of extreme volcanic activity 201 million years ago marked the end-Triassic mass extinction. It has been linked to the breakup of the Pangea supercontinent ...
The Siberian Traps are thought to have played a significant role in the Permian–Triassic extinction event 252 million years ago. Formation of the Emeishan Traps began 260 million years ago. The Late Devonian extinction occurs about 374 million years ago. The Ordovician–Silurian extinction event occurs between 450 and 440 million years ago.
The controversial Toba catastrophe theory, presented in the late 1990s to early 2000s, suggested that a bottleneck of the human population occurred approximately 75,000 years ago, proposing that the human population was reduced to perhaps 10,000–30,000 individuals [14] when the Toba supervolcano in Indonesia erupted and triggered a major ...