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For children with moderate to severe croup, treatment with corticosteroids and nebulized epinephrine may be suggested. Steroids are given routinely, with epinephrine used in severe cases. [4] Children with oxygen saturation less than 92% should receive oxygen, [5] and those with severe croup may be hospitalized for observation. [12]
Inhaled epinephrine may be used to improve the symptoms of croup. [12] It may also be used for asthma when other treatments are not effective. [8] It is given intravenously, by injection into a muscle, by inhalation, or by injection just under the skin. [8] Common side effects include shakiness, anxiety, and sweating. [8]
The current state of evidence suggests that nebulized epinephrine is not indicated for children with bronchiolitis except as a trial of rescue therapy for severe cases. [9] [20] Epinephrine is an α and β adrenergic agonist that is used to treat other upper respiratory tract illnesses, such as croup, as a nebulized solution. [51]
Racepinefrine (INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USAN Tooltip United States Adopted Name), or racepinephrine, sold under the brand name Vaponefrin among others, is a sympathomimetic medication described as a vasoconstrictor, bronchodilator, cardiostimulant, mydriatic, and antiglaucoma agent.
The US Food and Drug Administration approved the first nasal spray epinephrine drug for severe allergic reactions known as anaphylaxis, providing a needle-free alternative to EpiPens and similar ...
Use of nebulized racemic adrenaline epinephrine (0.5 to 0.75 ml of 2.25% racemic epinephrine added to 2.5 to 3 ml of normal saline) in cases where airway edema may be the cause of the stridor. (Nebulized Codeine in a dose not exceeding 3 mg/kg may also be used, but not together with racemic adrenaline [because of the risk of ventricular ...
With this device, a medical liquid (typically epinephrine chloride, used as a bronchial muscle relaxant to reverse constriction). [28] As an alternative to the expensive electrical nebulizer, many people in the 1930s continued to use the much more simple and cheap hand-driven nebulizer, known as the Parke-Davis Glaseptic. [29]
Findings indicate that β 2 stimulants, especially in parenteral administration such as inhalation or injection, can induce adverse effects: Tachycardia secondary to peripheral vasodilation and cardiac stimulation (Such tachycardia may be accompanied by palpitations.) [4] Tremor, excessive sweating, anxiety, insomnia, and agitation [5]