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The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior stalk-like part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. [1] In the human brain the brainstem is composed of the midbrain , the pons , and the medulla oblongata . [ 1 ]
Functions of these four cranial nerves (V-VIII) include regulation of respiration, control of involuntary actions, sensory roles in hearing, equilibrium, and taste, and in facial sensations such as touch and pain, as well as motor roles in eye movement, facial expressions, chewing, swallowing, and the secretion of saliva and tears.
Brain death refers to an irreversible total loss of brain function. [200] [201] This is characterised by coma, loss of reflexes, and apnoea, [200] however, the declaration of brain death varies geographically and is not always accepted. [201] In some countries there is also a defined syndrome of brainstem death. [202]
Embryonic vertebrate subdivisions of the developing human brain hindbrain or rhombencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla , pons , and cerebellum .
No testing of testable brain stem functions such as oesophageal and cardiovascular regulation is specified in the UK Code of Practice for the diagnosis of death on neurological grounds. There is published evidence [28] [29] [30] strongly suggestive of the persistence of brainstem blood pressure control in organ donors.
The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei in the brainstem that spans from the lower end of the medulla oblongata to the upper end of the midbrain. [2] The neurons of the reticular formation make up a complex set of neural networks in the core of the brainstem. [3]
Brain anatomy – forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain. The cerebral peduncles each form a lobe ventrally of the tegmentum, on either side of the midline. Beyond the midbrain, between the lobes, is the interpeduncular fossa , which is a cistern filled with cerebrospinal fluid [ citation needed ] .
The exams must show complete and irreversible absence of brain function (brain stem function in UK), [23] and may include two isoelectric (flat-line) EEGs 24 hours apart (less in other countries where it is accepted that if the cause of the dysfunction is a clear physical trauma there is no need to wait that long to establish irreversibility ...