Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
Since 1997, US courts have divided price fixing into two categories: vertical and horizontal maximum price fixing. [6] Vertical price fixing includes a manufacturer's attempt to control the price of its product at retail. [7] In State Oil Co. v. Khan, [8] the U.S. Supreme Court held that vertical price fixing is no longer considered a per se ...
Vertical restraints are to be distinguished from so-called "horizontal restraints", which are found in agreements between horizontal competitors. Vertical restraints can take numerous forms, ranging from a requirement that dealers accept returns of a manufacturer's product, to resale price maintenance agreements setting the minimum or maximum ...
These practices include mergers, cartels, collusions, price-fixing, price discrimination and predatory pricing. On the other hand, the second category is vertical restraint which implements restraints against competitors due to anti-competitive practice between firms at different levels of the supply chain e.g. supplier-distributor ...
A vertical agreement is a term used in competition law to denote agreements between firms at different levels of a supply chain.For instance, a manufacturer of consumer electronics might have a vertical agreement with a retailer according to which the latter would promote their products in return for lower prices.
State Oil Co. v. Khan, 522 U.S. 3 (1997) vertical maximum price fixing had to be adjudged according to a rule of reason; Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc. 551 U.S. 877 (2007) 5 to 4 decision that vertical price restraints were not per se illegal. A leather manufacturer therefore did not violate the Sherman Act by stopping ...
Resale price maintenance (RPM) or, occasionally, retail price maintenance is the practice whereby a manufacturer and its distributors agree that the distributors will sell the manufacturer's product at certain prices (resale price maintenance), at or above a price floor (minimum resale price maintenance) or at or below a price ceiling (maximum resale price maintenance).
The price of wood pulp has fallen by half from its post-pandemic peak, yet diaper prices haven't. “So that just increases the (profit) margins for both the manufacturers and the retailers ...
The reasonableness of price levels is still immaterial in price fixing cases. [42] But the per se rule in price fixing cases is no longer inviolate. So-called vertical price fixes, in which a seller fixes the maximum or minimum resale price, are now judged under a "rule of reason," which permits the seller to assert pro-competitive ...