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Primary active transport, also called direct active transport, directly uses metabolic energy to transport molecules across a membrane. [12] Substances that are transported across the cell membrane by primary active transport include metal ions, such as Na +, K +, Mg 2+, and Ca 2+.
Unlike channel proteins which only transport substances through membranes passively, carrier proteins can transport ions and molecules either passively through facilitated diffusion, or via secondary active transport. [12] A carrier protein is required to move particles from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.
MCTs are expressed in nearly every kind of cell. [4] There are 14 MCTs corresponding to 14 solute carrier 16A transporters, although the cardinal numbers do not match (for example MCT3 is SLC16A8). [2] MCTs 1-4 have been more carefully investigated than MCTs 5-14. [2] MCTs can be upregulated by PPAR-α, HIF-1α, Nrf2, and AMPK. [2]
In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them. The regulation of passage through the membrane is due to selective membrane permeability – a ...
Secondary active transport is when one solute moves down the electrochemical gradient to produce enough energy to force the transport of another solute from low concentration to high concentration. [ citation needed ] An example of where this occurs is in the movement of glucose within the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).
Exocytosis (/ ˌ ɛ k s oʊ s aɪ ˈ t oʊ s ɪ s / [1] [2]) is a form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters and proteins) out of the cell (exo-+ cytosis). As an active transport mechanism, exocytosis requires the use of energy to transport material. Exocytosis and its counterpart ...
ABC transporters have gained extensive attention because they contribute to the resistance of cells to antibiotics and anticancer agents by pumping drugs out of the cells. [1] [64] [4] A common mechanism is the overexpression of ABC exporters like P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1), and breast ...
Diffusion vs. Transport. In biology, an ion transporter is a transmembrane protein that moves ions (or other small molecules) across a biological membrane to accomplish many different biological functions, including cellular communication, maintaining homeostasis, energy production, etc. [1] There are different types of transporters including pumps, uniporters, antiporters, and symporters.