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While it was true that each picture element was polled and sent only 29.97 times per second, the pixel location immediately below that one was polled 1/60 of a second later, part of a completely separate image for the next 1/60-second frame. At its native 24 FPS rate, film could not be displayed on 60 Hz video without the necessary pulldown ...
Note that with 23.976 fps time code, the "second" counter is still increased after 24 frames, even though 24 frames add up to slightly more than a real second. When working with other time sources, confusion can arise since a "second" in 23.976 fps time code notation is slightly longer than a real second, it is 1.001 (24 × 1 / (24000 / 1001 ...
Shot on digital video in interlaced 60 fps, with some scenes shot on 35 mm movie film in 24 fps. Shown in cinemas in 24 fps and in interlaced 60 fps with 24 fps segments on DVD and Blu-ray. 1999 The Blair Witch Project: Daniel Myrick, Eduardo Sanchez: English Shot on Hi8 in interlaced 60 fps, with some scenes shot on 16 mm film in 24 fps. Shown ...
In the United States and other countries where television uses the 59.94 Hz vertical scanning frequency, video is broadcast at 29.97 frame/s. For the film's motion to be accurately rendered on the video signal, a telecine must use a technique called the 2:3 pull down (or a variant called 3:2 pull down) to convert from 24 to 29.97 frame/s.
To convert 24 frame/s film to 29.97 frame/s (presented as 59.94 interlaced fields per second) NTSC, a process called "3:2 pulldown" is used, in which every other film frame is duplicated across an additional interlaced field to achieve a framerate of 23.976 (the audio is slowed imperceptibly from the 24 frame/s source to match). This produces ...
In the case of filmed material, as 120 is an even multiple of 24, it is possible to present a 24 fps sequence without judder on a well-designed 120 Hz display (i.e., so-called 5-5 pulldown). If the 120 Hz rate is produced by frame-doubling a 60 fps 3:2 pulldown signal, the uneven motion could still be visible (i.e., so-called 6-4 pulldown).
[1] [2] VFR is especially useful for creating videos of slideshow presentations or when the video contains large amounts of completely static frames, as a means of improving compression rate, or if the video contains a combination of 24/25/30/50/60 FPS footages and the creator or editor of the video wishes to avoid artifacts arising from ...
The first step is to slow down the film motion by NTSC's 1000/1001 ratio to 24,000/1001 (≈23.976) frames/s. The difference in speed is imperceptible to the viewer. For a two-hour film, play time is extended by 7.2 seconds. If the total playback time must be kept exact, a single frame can be dropped every 1000 frames.