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In contrast to localizing electrons within their atomic orbitals in valence bond theory, the molecular orbital approach considers electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. The simple MO diagram of H 2 O is shown on the right. [2] [3] Following simple symmetry treatments, the 1s orbitals of hydrogen atom are premixed as a 1 and b 1 ...
These effects add as vectors to make the overall molecule polar. A polar molecule has a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges (i.e. having partial positive and partial negative charges) from polar bonds arranged asymmetrically. Water (H 2 O) is an example of a polar molecule since it has a slight positive charge on one side and a ...
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A water molecule has two pairs of bonded electrons and two unshared lone pairs. Tetrahedral: Tetra-signifies four, and -hedral relates to a face of a solid, so "tetrahedral" literally means "having four faces". This shape is found when there are four bonds all on one central atom, with no extra unshared electron pairs.
It is a matter of taste whether one includes the lone pair in a drawing. Lone pairs of electrons are more common for depictions that emphasize bonding, as in simple gaseous molecules, such as ammonia and nitric oxide. Nonmolecular compounds, e.g. sodium hydride, are best represented with colour-coded spheres that emphasise packing.
In inorganic reactions, water is a common solvent, dissolving many ionic compounds, as well as other polar compounds such as ammonia and compounds closely related to water. In organic reactions, it is not usually used as a reaction solvent, because it does not dissolve the reactants well and is amphoteric (acidic and basic) and nucleophilic .
A water molecule drawn with a shaded electrostatic potential isosurface. The areas highlighted in red have a net positive charge density, and the blue areas have a negative charge. In some models, the surface of the molecule is approximated and shaded to represent a physical property of the molecule, such as electronic charge density. [39] [40]
Another name is dihydrogen monoxide, which is a rarely used name of water, and mostly used in the dihydrogen monoxide parody. Other systematic names for water include hydroxic acid, hydroxylic acid, and hydrogen hydroxide, using acid and base names. [j] None of these exotic names are used widely. The polarized form of the water molecule, H + OH −