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  2. Sugar phosphates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_phosphates

    The sugar-phosphate backbone has multiplex electronic structure and the electron delocalisation complicates its theoretical description. Some part of the electronic density is delocalised over the whole backbone and the extent of the delocalisation is affected by backbone conformation due to hyper-conjugation effects. Hyper-conjugation arises ...

  3. DNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

    The orientation of the 3′ and 5′ carbons along the sugar-phosphate backbone confers directionality (sometimes called polarity) to each DNA strand. In a nucleic acid double helix, the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other strand: the strands are antiparallel. The asymmetric ends of DNA strands ...

  4. DNA synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_synthesis

    Each unit is joined when a covalent bond forms between its phosphate group and the pentose sugar of the next nucleotide, forming a sugar-phosphate backbone. DNA is a complementary, double stranded structure as specific base pairing (adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine) occurs naturally when hydrogen bonds form between the nucleotide bases.

  5. Directionality (molecular biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directionality_(molecular...

    A furanose (sugar-ring) molecule with carbon atoms labeled using standard notation. The 5′ is upstream; the 3′ is downstream. DNA and RNA are synthesized in the 5′-to-3′ direction. Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid.

  6. Non-canonical base pairing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-canonical_base_pairing

    The side opposite to the sugar linked vertex is traditionally called the Watson-Crick edge, since they are involved in forming the Watson-Crick base pairs which constitute building blocks of double helical DNA. The two sides adjacent to the sugar-linked vertex are referred to, respectively, as the Sugar and Hoogsteen (C-H for pyrimidines) edges.

  7. Nucleic acid structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_structure

    For both the purine and pyrimidine bases, the phosphate group forms a bond with the deoxyribose sugar through an ester bond between one of its negatively charged oxygen groups and the 5' -OH of the sugar. [2] The polarity in DNA and RNA is derived from the oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the backbone.

  8. Phosphodiester bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiester_bond

    The 5' end has a 5' carbon attached to a phosphate, and the other end, the 3' end, has a 3' carbon attached to a hydroxyl group. In chemistry , a phosphodiester bond occurs when exactly two of the hydroxyl groups ( −OH ) in phosphoric acid react with hydroxyl groups on other molecules to form two ester bonds.

  9. Gel electrophoresis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis

    In the case of nucleic acids, the direction of migration, from negative to positive electrodes, is due to the naturally occurring negative charge carried by their sugar-phosphate backbone. [ 25 ] Double-stranded DNA fragments naturally behave as long rods, so their migration through the gel is relative to their size or, for cyclic fragments ...