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Radial glial cells, or radial glial progenitor cells (RGPs), are bipolar-shaped progenitor cells that are responsible for producing all of the neurons in the cerebral cortex. RGPs also produce certain lineages of glia , including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes .
Radial glial cells, also called radial glial progenitor cells, divide asymmetrically to produce a neuroblast and another radial glial cell that will re-enter the cell cycle. [5] [3] This mitosis occurs in the germinal neuroepithelium (or germinal zone), when a radial glial cell divides to produce the neuroblast. The neuroblast detaches from the ...
Foot-like processes are also present in Müller glia (modified astrocytes of the retina), [3] pancreatic stellate cells, [4] dendritic cells, [5] oligodendrocytes, [6] and others. Microglia , which are notably smaller than macroglia , can also extend their end-processes to contact areas of capillaries that are devoid of astrocyte endfeet , and ...
The progenitor cells and radial glial cells respond to extracellular trophic factors - like ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cytokines or neuregulin 1 (NRG1) - that can determine whether the cells will differentiate into either neurons or glia. [5]
These early stem cells are called neuroepithelial cells (NEC)s, but soon take on a highly elongated radial morphology and are then known as radial glial cells (RGC)s. [3] RGCs are the primary stem cells of the mammalian CNS, and reside in the embryonic ventricular zone , which lies adjacent to the central fluid-filled cavity ( ventricular ...
The radial glial cells are disposed in planes perpendicular to the axes of ventricles. One of their processes abuts the pia mater , while the other is deeply buried in gray matter. Radial glia are mostly present during development, playing a role in neuron migration .
Neoplastic glial cells stained with an antibody against GFAP (brown), from a brain biopsy. While glial cells in the PNS frequently assist in regeneration of lost neural functioning, loss of neurons in the CNS does not result in a similar reaction from neuroglia. [18] In the CNS, regrowth will only happen if the trauma was mild, and not severe. [40]
Within each developing radial unit, the process of neurogenesis gives rise to post-mitotic (non-dividing) cortical neurons, which begin the process of radial neuronal migration from the ventricular zone and adjacent subventricular zone to form the cortical plate in the classic 'inside-out' manner beginning with the deep cortical layers.