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An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system formed by organisms in interaction with their environment. [2]: 458 The biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Ecosystems are controlled by external and internal factors.
According to the Indian State of Forest Report (2021), the total mangrove cover in India is approximately 4,992 km 2, which constitutes about 0.15% of the country's total geographical area. [11] According to the 2023 report, it decreased to 4,991.68 km square, a decrease of 7.43 sq km in 2 years.
Terrestrial ecosystems occupy 55,660,000 mi 2 (144,150,000 km 2), or 28.26% of Earth's surface. [5] Major plant taxa in terrestrial ecosystems are members of the division Magnoliophyta (flowering plants), of which there are about 275,000 species, and the division Pinophyta (conifers), of which there are about 500 species.
A map of the Indian Sunderbans in West Bengal Pichavaram Mangroves, Tamil Nadu. India's wetland ecosystem is widely distributed from the cold and arid located in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, and those with the wet and humid climate of peninsular India. Most of the wetlands are directly or indirectly linked to river networks.
Ecoregions of the world, spanning all land area (terrestrial) of the planet, were first defined and mapped in 2001 [1] and subsequently revised in 2017. [2] Later, freshwater ecoregions [3] and marine ecoregions [4] of the world were identified.
Ecosystems may be habitats within biomes that form an integrated whole and a dynamically responsive system having both physical and biological complexes. Ecosystem ecology is the science of determining the fluxes of materials (e.g. carbon, phosphorus) between different pools (e.g., tree biomass, soil organic material).
The Indian Ocean is ecologically diverse, with important marine life and ecosystems like coral reefs, mangroves, and sea grass beds. It hosts a significant portion of the world's tuna catch and is home to endangered marine species. It faces challenges like overfishing and pollution, including a significant garbage patch.
India lies on the Indian Plate, the northern portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent.The country is situated north of the equator between 8°4' and 37°6' north latitude and 68°7' and 97°25' east longitude.