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Data science process flowchart from Doing Data Science, by Schutt & O'Neil (2013) Analysis refers to dividing a whole into its separate components for individual examination. [10] Data analysis is a process for obtaining raw data, and subsequently converting it into information useful for decision-making by users. [1]
Tukey defined data analysis in 1961 as: "Procedures for analyzing data, techniques for interpreting the results of such procedures, ways of planning the gathering of data to make its analysis easier, more precise or more accurate, and all the machinery and results of (mathematical) statistics which apply to analyzing data." [3]
Data analysis focuses on the process of examining past data through business understanding, data understanding, data preparation, modeling and evaluation, and deployment. [8] It is a subset of data analytics, which takes multiple data analysis processes to focus on why an event happened and what may happen in the future based on the previous data.
It is imperative in inferring information from data and adhering to a conclusion or decision from that data. Data analysis can stem from past or future data. Data analysis is an analytical skill, commonly adopted in business , as it allows organisations to become more efficient, internally and externally, solve complex problems and innovate .
Cluster analysis or clustering is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a cluster) are more similar (in some specific sense defined by the analyst) to each other than to those in other groups (clusters).
In applied mathematics, topological data analysis (TDA) is an approach to the analysis of datasets using techniques from topology. Extraction of information from datasets that are high-dimensional, incomplete and noisy is generally challenging.
Data science is multifaceted and can be described as a science, a research paradigm, a research method, a discipline, a workflow, and a profession. [4] Data science is "a concept to unify statistics, data analysis, informatics, and their related methods" to "understand and analyze actual phenomena" with data. [5]
Data processing is the collection and manipulation of digital data to produce meaningful information. [1] Data processing is a form of information processing , which is the modification (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer.