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Fluoride or fluorine deficiency is a disorder which may cause increased dental caries [1] and possibly osteoporosis, [2] [3] due to a lack of fluoride in diet. [4] [5] Common dietary sources of fluoride include tea, grape juice, wine, raisins, some seafood, coffee, and tap water that has been fluoridated. [6]
Patients with reduced salivary flow are at an increased risk of tooth decay. The home application of 1.1% fluoride gel with a custom tray is recommended for patients undergoing or are finished with head and neck radiation treatment and patients with decreased salivary flow. [59]
Dental fluorosis is caused by a higher than normal amount of fluoride ingestion whilst teeth are forming. Primary dentine fluorosis and enamel fluorosis can only happen during tooth formation, so fluoride exposure occurs in childhood. Enamel fluorosis has a white opaque appearance which is due to the surface of the enamel being hypomineralised ...
For those who want pain-free alternatives to invasive clinical treatments, Dr. Chacon recommends the NuFACE Trinity, a microcurrent device that's like getting an at-home face lift.
1909 photograph by Frederick McKay of Greene Vardiman Black (left) and Isaac Burton and F.Y. Wilson, studying the Colorado Brown Stain [8]. Community water fluoridation in the United States is partly due to the research of Dr. Frederick McKay, who pressed the dental community for an investigation into what was then known as "Colorado Brown Stain."
Over half of groundwater sources in India have fluoride above recommended levels. [9] Fluorosis can also occur as a result of volcanic activity. The 1783 eruption of the Laki volcano in Iceland is estimated to have killed about 22% of the Icelandic population, and 60% of livestock, as a result of fluorosis and sulfur dioxide gases. [10]
Mild fluorosis: mostly on the upper right central incisor Severe fluorosis: mottled enamel of an individual from a region with high levels of naturally occurring fluoride Fluorosis may occur when there is chronic and excessive exposure to fluoride during the years of tooth development.
Fluorosis becomes possible above this recommended dosage. As of 2015, the United States Health and Human Services Department recommends a maximum of 0.7 milligrams of fluoride per liter of water – updating and replacing the previous recommended range of 0.7 to 1.2 milligrams issued in 1962. The new recommended level is intended to reduce the ...