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Damage to DNA that occurs naturally can result from metabolic or hydrolytic processes. Metabolism releases compounds that damage DNA including reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, reactive carbonyl species, lipid peroxidation products, and alkylating agents, among others, while hydrolysis cleaves chemical bonds in DNA. [8]
Exogenous DNA is DNA originating outside the organism of concern or study. [1] Exogenous DNA can be found naturally in the form of partially degraded fragments left over from dead cells. These DNA fragments may then become integrated into the chromosomes of nearby bacterial cells to undergo mutagenesis . [ 2 ]
DNA damage can be subdivided into two main types: endogenous damage such as attack by reactive oxygen species produced from normal metabolic byproducts (spontaneous mutation), especially the process of oxidative deamination. also includes replication errors; exogenous damage caused by external agents such as
Ball and Stick Model of Double Helical DNA. A molecular lesion or point lesion is damage to the structure of a biological molecule such as DNA, RNA, or protein.This damage may result in the reduction or absence of normal function, and in rare cases the gain of a new function.
The efficiency with which a competent culture can take up exogenous DNA and express its genes is known as transformation efficiency and is measured in colony forming unit (cfu) per μg DNA used. A transformation efficiency of 1×10 8 cfu/μg for a small plasmid like pUC19 is roughly equivalent to 1 in 2000 molecules of the plasmid used being ...
Agents that damage macromolecules can also arise from endogenous sources, such as reactive oxygen species that are a side product of normal respiration, leading to the formation of oxidatively damaged DNA [2] etc., or other reactive species e.g., reactive nitrogen, sulphur, carbon, selenium and halogen species.
When we disrupt the crystalline, gel-like state of water that occurs in any living cell, we can see direct DNA damage.” “I tell all my patients, begin at grounding before you look to add any ...
An arsenal of DNA repair mechanisms exists to repair various forms of damaged DNA and minimize genomic instability. Most DNA repair mechanisms require an intact DNA strand as template to fix the damaged strand. DNA damage prevents the normal enzymatic synthesis of DNA by the replication fork.