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  2. Euler–Jacobi pseudoprime - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler–Jacobi_pseudoprime

    If n is an odd composite integer that satisfies the above congruence, then n is called an Euler–Jacobi pseudoprime (or, more commonly, an Euler pseudoprime) to base a. As long as a is not a multiple of n (usually 2 ≤ a < n ), then if a and n are not coprime, n is definitely composite, as 1 < gcd ( a , n ) < n is a factor of n .

  3. Lucas pseudoprime - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_pseudoprime

    More extensive calculations show that, with this method of choosing D, P, and Q, there are only five odd, composite numbers less than 10 15 for which congruence is true. [ 8 ] If Q ≠ ± 1 {\displaystyle Q\neq \pm 1} (and GCD( n , Q ) = 1), then an Euler–Jacobi probable prime test to the base Q can also be implemented at minor computational ...

  4. Euler pseudoprime - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_pseudoprime

    In mathematics, an odd composite integer n is called an Euler pseudoprime to base a, if a and n are coprime, and / ()(where mod refers to the modulo operation).. The motivation for this definition is the fact that all prime numbers p satisfy the above equation which can be deduced from Fermat's little theorem.

  5. Composite number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_number

    A composite number with two prime factors is a semiprime or 2-almost prime (the factors need not be distinct, hence squares of primes are included). A composite number with three distinct prime factors is a sphenic number. In some applications, it is necessary to differentiate between composite numbers with an odd number of distinct prime ...

  6. Euler's totient function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_totient_function

    If n is a power of an odd prime number the formula for the totient says its totient can be a power of two only if n is a first power and n − 1 is a power of 2. The primes that are one more than a power of 2 are called Fermat primes , and only five are known: 3, 5, 17, 257, and 65537.

  7. Fermat pseudoprime - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat_pseudoprime

    Specifically, Kim and Pomerance showed the following: The probability that a random odd number n ≤ x is a Fermat pseudoprime to a random base < < is less than 2.77·10 −8 for x= 10 100, and is at most (log x) −197 <10-10,000 for x≥10 100,000.

  8. Numerical cognition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_cognition

    Numerical cognition is a subdiscipline of cognitive science that studies the cognitive, developmental and neural bases of numbers and mathematics.As with many cognitive science endeavors, this is a highly interdisciplinary topic, and includes researchers in cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, neuroscience and cognitive linguistics.

  9. Jacobi symbol - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi_symbol

    The following facts, even the reciprocity laws, are straightforward deductions from the definition of the Jacobi symbol and the corresponding properties of the Legendre symbol. [2] The Jacobi symbol is defined only when the upper argument ("numerator") is an integer and the lower argument ("denominator") is a positive odd integer. 1.