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In chemistry and materials science, impurities are chemical substances inside a confined amount of liquid, gas, or solid. They differ from the chemical composition of the material or compound. [ 1 ] Firstly, a pure chemical should appear in at least one chemical phase and can also be characterized by its phase diagram .
This removes impurities in a substance that an electric current is run through; Sublimation is the process of changing of any substance (usually on heating) from a solid to a gas (or from gas to a solid) without passing through liquid phase. In terms of purification - material is heated, often under vacuum, and the vapors of the material are ...
[1] [2] The solid formed is called the precipitate. [3] In case of an inorganic chemical reaction leading to precipitation, the chemical reagent causing the solid to form is called the precipitant. [4] The clear liquid remaining above the precipitated or the centrifuged solid phase is also called the supernate or supernatant.
Within the sciences, the word "contamination" can take on a variety of subtle differences in meaning, whether the contaminant is a solid or a liquid, [3] as well as the variance of environment the contaminant is found to be in. [2] A contaminant may even be more abstract, as in the case of an unwanted energy source that may interfere with a process. [2]
In chemistry, coprecipitation (CPT) or co-precipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed. [1] Analogously, in medicine, coprecipitation (referred to as immunoprecipitation) is specifically "an assay designed to purify a single antigen from a complex mixture using a specific antibody attached to a beaded support".
Recrystallization is a method used to purify chemicals by dissolving a mixture of a compound and its impurities, in an appropriate solvent, prior to heating the solution. [1] Following the dissolution of crude product, the mixture will passively cool, yielding a crystallized compound and its impurities as separate entities.
Ammonium iron(II) sulfate, or Mohr's salt, is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH 4) 2 SO 4 ·Fe(SO 4)·6H 2 O.Containing two different cations, Fe 2+ and NH + 4, it is classified as a double salt of ferrous sulfate and ammonium sulfate.
They are generally high energy configurations. Small atoms (mostly impurities) in some crystals can occupy interstices without high energy, such as hydrogen in palladium. Schematic illustration of some simple point defect types in a monatomic solid. A nearby pair of a vacancy and an interstitial is often called a Frenkel defect or Frenkel pair ...