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Test coverage refers to the percentage of software requirements that are tested by black-box testing for a system or application. [7] This is in contrast with code coverage, which examines the inner workings of a program and measures the degree to which the source code of a program is executed when a test suite is run. [8]
The term "black box" is used because the actual program being executed is not examined. In computing in general, a black box program is one where the user cannot see the inner workings (perhaps because it is a closed source program) or one which has no side effects and the function of which need not be examined, a routine suitable for re-use.
XAI counters the "black box" tendency of machine learning, where even the AI's designers cannot explain why it arrived at a specific decision. [6] [7] XAI hopes to help users of AI-powered systems perform more effectively by improving their understanding of how those systems reason. [8] XAI may be an implementation of the social right to ...
A white box (or glass box, clear box, or open box) is a subsystem whose internals can be viewed but usually not altered. [1] The term is used in systems engineering, software engineering, and in intelligent user interface design, [2] [3] where it is closely related to recent interest in explainable artificial intelligence.
Code coverage tools can evaluate the completeness of a test suite that was created with any method, including black-box testing. This allows the software team to examine parts of a system that are rarely tested and ensures that the most important function points have been tested. [ 35 ]
The concept of the black box is also important in actor–network theory as it relates to simplification. As Michel Callon notes, an actor-network is a system of discrete entities or nodes, while the reality that it represents is theoretically infinite. Therefore, in order to describe something in terms of an actor-network, complex systems must ...
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A black-box fuzzer [37] [33] treats the program as a black box and is unaware of internal program structure. For instance, a random testing tool that generates inputs at random is considered a blackbox fuzzer. Hence, a blackbox fuzzer can execute several hundred inputs per second, can be easily parallelized, and can scale to programs of ...