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On the other hand, in the expressions evaluated by #expr and #ifexpr, Boolean operators like and, or, and not interpret the numerical value 0 as false and any other number as true. In terms of output, Boolean operations return 1 for a true value and 0 for false (and these are treated as ordinary numbers by the numerical operators).
APL allows setting the index origin to 0 or 1 during runtime programmatically. [9] [10] Some recent languages, such as Lua and Visual Basic, have adopted the same convention for the same reason. Zero is the lowest unsigned integer value, one of the most fundamental types in programming and hardware design.
Under the assumption of normality of returns, an active risk of x per cent would mean that approximately 2/3 of the portfolio's active returns (one standard deviation from the mean) can be expected to fall between +x and -x per cent of the mean excess return and about 95% of the portfolio's active returns (two standard deviations from the mean) can be expected to fall between +2x and -2x per ...
As an example, "0020" does not represent 20 10 (2×10 1 + 0×10 0), but rather 20 8 = 16 10 (2×8 1 + 0×8 0 = 1×10 1 + 6×10 0). Decimal numbers written with leading zeros will be interpreted as octal by languages that follow this convention and will generate errors if they contain "8" or "9", since these digits do not exist in octal.
In computer programming, the return type (or result type) defines and constrains the data type of the value returned from a subroutine or method. [1] In many programming languages (especially statically-typed programming languages such as C , C++ , Java ) the return type must be explicitly specified when declaring a function.
For example, CSC is (val, row_ind, col_ptr), where val is an array of the (top-to-bottom, then left-to-right) non-zero values of the matrix; row_ind is the row indices corresponding to the values; and, col_ptr is the list of val indexes where each column starts. The name is based on the fact that column index information is compressed relative ...
Log scales put the data values in terms of a chosen number (the base of the log) to a particular power. The base is often e (2.71828...) or 10. For example, log scales may give a height of 1 for a value of 10 in the data and a height of 6 for a value of 1,000,000 (10 6) in the data. Log scales and variants are commonly used, for instance, for ...
What is the sorted order of a set S of data cases according to their value of attribute A? - Order the cars by weight. - Rank the cereals by calories. 6 Determine Range: Given a set of data cases and an attribute of interest, find the span of values within the set. What is the range of values of attribute A in a set S of data cases?