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The labrum is a flat extension of the head (below the clypeus), covering the mandibles. Unlike other mouthparts, the labrum is a single, fused plate (though it originally was—and embryonically is—two structures).
In millipedes, the second maxillae have been lost, reducing the mouthparts to only the first maxillae which have fused together to form a gnathochilarium, acting as a lower lip to the buccal cavity and the mandibles which have been enlarged and specialized greatly, used for chewing food.
Some millipedes are herbivorous, feeding on living plants, and some species can become serious pests of crops. Millipedes in the order Polyxenida graze algae from bark, and Platydesmida feed on fungi. [9] A few species are omnivorous or in Callipodida and Chordeumatida occasionally carnivorous, [57] feeding on insects, centipedes, earthworms ...
During the Carboniferous Period, Earth's atmospheric oxygen levels surged, helping some plants and animals grow to gigantic proportions. One notable example was Arthropleura, the biggest bug ever ...
Mandibles are often simply called jaws. Mandibles are present in the extant subphyla Myriapoda (millipedes and others), Crustacea and Hexapoda (insects etc.). These groups make up the clade Mandibulata, which is currently believed to be the sister group to the rest of arthropods, the clade Arachnomorpha (Chelicerata and Trilobita).
Arthropleura (Greek for 'jointed ribs') is an extinct genus of massive myriapod that lived in what is now Europe and North America around 345 to 290 million years ago, [2] [4] from the Viséan stage of the lower Carboniferous Period to the Sakmarian stage of the lower Permian Period.
Analocostreptus gregorius, previously called Spirostreptus gregorius and sometimes called African olive millipede is a millipede of the family Spirostreptidae. The species was first described by Carl Attems in his 1914 Afrikanische Spirostreptiden: nebst Ueberblick über die Spirostreptiden orbis terrarum Attems, C. M. T. Graf von.
Millipedes in the order Siphonophorida are long and worm-like, reaching up to 36 millimetres (1.4 in) in length and up to 190 body segments. Eyes are absent, and in many species the head is elongated into a long beak, with mandibles highly reduced. The beak may serve in a suctorial function. The body has a dense covering of fine setae.