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In cryptography and computer science, a hash tree or Merkle tree is a tree in which every "leaf" node is labelled with the cryptographic hash of a data block, and every node that is not a leaf (called a branch, inner node, or inode) is labelled with the cryptographic hash of the labels of its child nodes.
In hash-based cryptography, the Merkle signature scheme is a digital signature scheme based on Merkle trees (also called hash trees) and one-time signatures such as the Lamport signature scheme. It was developed by Ralph Merkle in the late 1970s [1] and is an alternative to traditional digital signatures such as the Digital Signature Algorithm ...
Hash-based signature schemes use one-time signature schemes as their building block. A given one-time signing key can only be used to sign a single message securely. Indeed, signatures reveal part of the signing key. The security of (hash-based) one-time signature schemes relies exclusively on the security of an underlying hash function.
He co-invented the Merkle–Hellman knapsack cryptosystem, invented cryptographic hashing (now called the Merkle–Damgård construction based on a pair of articles published 10 years later that established the security of the scheme), and invented Merkle trees. The Merkle–Damgård construction is at the heart of many hashing algorithms. [4 ...
The Merkle–Damgård construction was described in Ralph Merkle's Ph.D. thesis in 1979. [2] Ralph Merkle and Ivan Damgård independently proved that the structure is sound: that is, if an appropriate padding scheme is used and the compression function is collision-resistant, then the hash function will also be collision-resistant. [3] [4]
hash MD4: 128 bits hash MD5: 128 bits Merkle–Damgård construction: MD6: up to 512 bits Merkle tree NLFSR (it is also a keyed hash function) RadioGatún: arbitrary ideal mangling function RIPEMD: 128 bits hash RIPEMD-128: 128 bits hash RIPEMD-160: 160 bits hash RIPEMD-256: 256 bits hash RIPEMD-320: 320 bits hash SHA-1: 160 bits Merkle ...
Most slang names for marijuana and hashish date to the jazz era, when it was called gauge, jive, reefer. Weed is a commonly used slang term for drug cannabis. New slang names, like trees, came into use early in the twenty-first century. [2] [3] [4]
The Merkle–Damgård hash construction. The boxes labeled [f] are a one-way compression function. A common use of one-way compression functions is in the Merkle–Damgård construction inside cryptographic hash functions. Most widely used hash functions, including MD5, SHA-1 (which is deprecated [2]) and SHA-2 use this construction.