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Simplified diagram of the Copper–Chlorine cycle. The copper–chlorine cycle (Cu–Cl cycle) is a four-step thermochemical cycle for the production of hydrogen. The Cu–Cl cycle is a hybrid process that employs both thermochemical and electrolysis steps. It has a maximum temperature requirement of about 530 degrees Celsius.
Because this reaction is highly exothermic (238 kJ/mol), the temperature is monitored, to guard against thermal degradation of the catalyst. The reaction is as follows: CH 2 =CH 2 + 2 CuCl 2 → 2 CuCl + ClH 2 C-CH 2 Cl. The copper(II) chloride is regenerated by sequential reactions of the cuprous chloride with oxygen and then hydrogen chloride:
Copper at red heat (300-400°C) combines directly with chlorine gas, giving (molten) copper(II) chloride. The reaction is very exothermic. [8] [15] Cu(s) + Cl 2 (g) → CuCl 2 (l) A solution of copper(II) chloride is commercially produced by adding chlorine gas to a circulating mixture of hydrochloric acid and copper. From this solution, the ...
The initial stoichiometric reaction was first reported by Phillips. [9] [10] The net reaction can also be described as follows: [PdCl 4] 2 − + C 2 H 4 + H 2 O → CH 3 CHO + Pd + 2 HCl + 2 Cl −. This conversion is followed by reactions that regenerate the Pd(II) catalyst: Pd + 2 CuCl 2 + 2 Cl − → [PdCl 4] 2− + 2 CuCl 2 CuCl + 1 / ...
The reaction takes place at about 400 to 450 °C in the presence of a variety of catalysts, including copper chloride (CuCl 2). Three companies developed commercial processes for producing chlorine based on the Deacon reaction: [1] The Kel-Chlor process developed by the M. W. Kellogg Company, which utilizes nitrosylsulfuric acid.
The chlorine cycle (Cl) is the biogeochemical cycling of chlorine through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. Chlorine is most commonly found as inorganic chloride ions, or a number of chlorinated organic forms. [1] [2] Over 5,000 biologically produced chlorinated organics have been identified. [3] The cycling of chlorine ...
Chlorine and oxygen can bond in many ways: chlorine monoxide radical, ClO•, chlorine (II) oxide radical; chloroperoxyl radical, ClOO•, chlorine (II) peroxide radical; chlorine dioxide, ClO 2, chlorine (IV) oxide; chlorine trioxide radical, ClO 3 •, chlorine (VI) oxide radical; chlorine tetroxide radical, ClO 4 •, chlorine (VII) oxide ...
The Hay coupling is variant of the Glaser coupling. It relies on the TMEDA complex of copper(I) chloride to activate the terminal alkyne. Oxygen (air) is used in the Hay variant to oxidize catalytic amounts of Cu(I) to Cu(II) throughout the reaction, as opposed to a stoichiometric amount of Cu(II) used in the Eglington variant. [7]