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  2. Standard deviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation

    The mean and the standard deviation of a set of data are descriptive statistics usually reported together. In a certain sense, the standard deviation is a "natural" measure of statistical dispersion if the center of the data is measured about the mean. This is because the standard deviation from the mean is smaller than from any other point.

  3. Unbiased estimation of standard deviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbiased_estimation_of...

    Bias in standard deviation for autocorrelated data. The figure shows the ratio of the estimated standard deviation to its known value (which can be calculated analytically for this digital filter), for several settings of α as a function of sample size n. Changing α alters the variance reduction ratio of the filter, which is known to be

  4. Deviation (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviation_(statistics)

    The second standard deviation from the mean in a normal distribution encompasses a larger portion of the data, covering approximately 95% of the observations. Standard deviation is a widely used measure of the spread or dispersion of a dataset. It quantifies the average amount of variation or deviation of individual data points from the mean of ...

  5. Variance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance

    The standard deviation is more amenable to algebraic manipulation than the expected absolute deviation, and, together with variance and its generalization covariance, is used frequently in theoretical statistics; however the expected absolute deviation tends to be more robust as it is less sensitive to outliers arising from measurement ...

  6. Algorithms for calculating variance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithms_for_calculating...

    Algorithms for calculating variance play a major role in computational statistics.A key difficulty in the design of good algorithms for this problem is that formulas for the variance may involve sums of squares, which can lead to numerical instability as well as to arithmetic overflow when dealing with large values.

  7. Standard error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_error

    The following expressions can be used to calculate the upper and lower 95% ... whereas the standard deviation of the sample is the degree to which individuals ...

  8. Full width at half maximum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_width_at_half_maximum

    If the considered function is the density of a normal distribution of the form = ⁡ [()] where σ is the standard deviation and x 0 is the expected value, then the relationship between FWHM and the standard deviation is [1] = ⁡.

  9. Deviance (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviance_(statistics)

    In statistics, deviance is a goodness-of-fit statistic for a statistical model; it is often used for statistical hypothesis testing.It is a generalization of the idea of using the sum of squares of residuals (SSR) in ordinary least squares to cases where model-fitting is achieved by maximum likelihood.