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The Albers equal-area conic projection, or Albers projection, is a conic, equal area map projection that uses two standard parallels. Although scale and shape are not preserved, distortion is minimal between the standard parallels. It was first described by Heinrich Christian Albers (1773-1833) in a German geography and astronomy periodical in ...
c. 150 BC: Stereographic: Azimuthal Conformal Hipparchos* Map is infinite in extent with outer hemisphere inflating severely, so it is often used as two hemispheres. Maps all small circles to circles, which is useful for planetary mapping to preserve the shapes of craters. c. 150 BC: Orthographic: Azimuthal Perspective Hipparchos*
Coordinate charts are mathematical objects of topological manifolds, and they have multiple applications in theoretical and applied mathematics. When a differentiable structure and a metric are defined, greater structure exists, and this allows the definition of constructs such as integration and geodesics .
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When a coordinate system is chosen in the Euclidean space, this defines coordinates on : the coordinates of a point of are defined as the coordinates of (). The pair formed by a chart and such a coordinate system is called a local coordinate system , coordinate chart , coordinate patch , coordinate map , or local frame .
The reference point (λ 0, φ 0) with longitude λ 0 and latitude φ 0, transforms to the x,y origin at (0,0) in the rectangular coordinate system. [5] The Y axis maps the central meridian λ 0, with y increasing northwards, which is orthogonal to the X axis mapping the central parallel φ 0, with x increasing eastwards. [5]
Thus the state plane coordinate system is still useful. Originally, the state plane coordinate systems were based on the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27). Later, the more accurate North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) became the standard (a geodetic datum is the way a coordinate system is linked to the physical Earth). More recently there ...
Aeronautical chart on Lambert conformal conic projection with standard parallels at 33°N and 45°N. A Lambert conformal conic projection ( LCC ) is a conic map projection used for aeronautical charts , portions of the State Plane Coordinate System , and many national and regional mapping systems.