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Projected global surface temperature changes relative to 1850–1900, based on CMIP6 multi-model mean changes. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report defines global mean surface temperature (GMST) as the "estimated global average of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice, and sea surface temperature (SST) over ice-free ocean regions, with changes normally expressed as departures from a ...
As part of his PhD research, Michael E. Mann worked with seismologist Jeffrey Park on developing statistical techniques to find long term oscillations of natural variability in the instrumental temperature record of global surface temperatures over the last 140 years; Mann & Park 1993 showed patterns relating to the El Niño–Southern ...
recalibrated by Cook, Esper & D'Arrigo 2004 "Extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere land temperature variability over the past 1000 years". Mann & Jones 2003 "Global surface temperatures over the past two millennia." Pollack & Smerdon 2004 "Borehole climate reconstructions: Spatial structure and hemispheric averages".
The temperature on land rose by 1.59 °C while over the ocean it rose by 0.88 °C. [3] In 2020 the temperature was 1.2 °C above the pre-industrial era. [4] In September 2023 the temperature was 1.75 °C above pre-industrial level and during the entire year of 2023 is expected to be 1.4 °C above it. [5]
The global average covers 97-98% of Earth's surface, excluding only latitudes above +85 degrees, below -85 degrees and, in the cases of TLT and TMT, some areas with land above 1500 m altitude. The hemispheric averages are over the northern and southern hemispheres 0 to +/-85 degrees. The gridded data provide an almost global temperature map. [3]
English: Charts comparing percentages of Earth's surface reaching record temperatures since 1951, comparing records for January, April, July and October, from NOAA data. Source of data for series of charts titled "mm Month - Percent of global area at temperature records - Global warming - NOAA.svg":
English: Warming stripes graphic comparing different datasets of Global Mean Surface Temperature (GMST). General concept of warming stripes was developed by Ed Hawkins (climatologist) Five data sources for five datasets are listed at File:20200324 Global average temperature - NASA-GISS HadCrut NOAA Japan BerkeleyE.svg
Preliminary results from a Smithsonian Institution project, showing Earth's average surface temperature over the past 500 million years [6] [7] Palaeotemperature graphs placed together The oxygen content in the atmosphere over the last billion years