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Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and sclera due to high bilirubin levels. [3] [6] Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving abnormal heme metabolism, liver dysfunction, or biliary-tract obstruction. [7]
Physical examination reviews clinical symptoms like degree of jaundice, vital signs and sensations of pain, further followed by urine tests, blood analysis and imaging. [3] [4] The degree of yellowish staining of the conjunctiva and skin in jaundice is proportional to hyperbilirubinemia to some extent. [6]
In both newborns and adults, yellowing of the skin is a marker for jaundice. [27] As most cases of jaundice are observed in newborns, healthcare workers use visual methods to identify the presence of this condition. [29]
Jaundice may be noticeable in the sclera of the eyes at levels of about 2 to 3 mg/dl (34 to 51 μmol/L), [27] and in the skin at higher levels. [note 1] Jaundice is classified, depending upon whether the bilirubin is free or conjugated to glucuronic acid, into conjugated jaundice or unconjugated jaundice. [citation needed]
Biliverdin has been found in excess in the blood of humans suffering from hepatic diseases. Jaundice is caused by the accumulation of biliverdin or bilirubin (or both) in the circulatory system and tissues. [1]
These disorders may cause yellowing of the skin and eyes, called jaundice. [3] The prevalence of hereditary hyperbilirubinemia varies based on each disease. The most common being Gilbert syndrome which is found is 2-10% of the population. Other types of hereditary hyperbilirubinemia are less common and may even be exceedingly rare depending on ...