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Confounding is defined in terms of the data generating model. Let X be some independent variable, and Y some dependent variable.To estimate the effect of X on Y, the statistician must suppress the effects of extraneous variables that influence both X and Y.
English words with multiple (verb) meanings can be illustrated by instances in which a motion is merged with or a causation with manner, [4] e.g. the bride floated towards her future. In this example, the bride may be married on a boat, airplane, or hot-air balloon, etc. [ 5 ] She could be walking the aisle towards matrimony. [ 6 ]
Graphical model: Whereas a mediator is a factor in the causal chain (top), a confounder is a spurious factor incorrectly implying causation (bottom). In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation [1] [2] is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third ...
Social statistics is the use of statistical measurement systems to study human behavior in a social environment. This can be accomplished through polling a group of people, evaluating a subset of data obtained about a group of people, or by observation and statistical analysis of a set of data that relates to people and their behaviors.
A variable in an experiment which is held constant in order to assess the relationship between multiple variables [a], is a control variable. [2] [3] A control variable is an element that is not changed throughout an experiment because its unchanging state allows better understanding of the relationship between the other variables being tested.
Confounding, in statistics, an extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates (directly or inversely) with both the dependent variable and the independent variable Hidden transformation , in computer science, a way to transform a generic constraint satisfaction problem into a binary one by introducing new hidden variables
An experiment must also control the possible confounding factors—any factors that would mar the accuracy or repeatability of the experiment or the ability to interpret the results. Confounding is commonly eliminated through scientific controls and/or, in randomized experiments, through random assignment.
Wider societal terms that do not have a specific sociological nature about them should be added to social concepts in keeping with the WikiProject Sociology scope for the subject. Contents Top