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Any other process in which loose or fluid material becomes solid rock, such as solidification of magma. [ 1 ] Compaction (geology) , the decrease in volume and increase in density of sediments as the weight of overlying sediments increases, mineral grains move to more compact arrangements, and pore water is expelled. [ 1 ]
Parent material is the underlying geological material (generally bedrock or a superficial or drift deposit) in which soil horizons form. Soils typically inherit a great deal of structure and minerals from their parent material, and, as such, are often classified based upon their contents of consolidated or unconsolidated mineral material that has undergone some degree of physical or chemical ...
Mainly unconsolidated (tephra) Mainly consolidated: pyroclastic rock > 64 mm: block (angular) bomb (if fluidal-shaped) blocks; agglomerate: pyroclastic breccia; agglomerate < 64 mm: lapillus: lapilli: lapillistone (lapilli tuff is where lapilli are supported within a matrix of tuff) < 2 mm: coarse ash: coarse ash: coarse tuff < 0.063 mm: fine ...
Also called Indianite. A mineral from the lime-rich end of the plagioclase group of minerals. Anorthites are usually silicates of calcium and aluminium occurring in some basic igneous rocks, typically those produced by the contact metamorphism of impure calcareous sediments. anticline An arched fold in which the layers usually dip away from the fold axis. Contrast syncline. aphanic Having the ...
Troctolite – Igneous rock – A plutonic ultramafic rock containing olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase; Trondhjemite – Light-colored intrusive igneous rock – A form of tonalite where plagioclase-group feldspar is oligoclase; Tuff – Rock consolidated from volcanic ash; Vitrophyre – Glassy volcanic rock - Glassy igneous rock with phenocrysts
Superficial deposits (or surficial deposits [1]) refer to geological deposits typically of Quaternary age (less than 2.6 million years old) for the Earth. These geologically recent unconsolidated sediments may include stream channel and floodplain deposits, beach sands, talus gravels and glacial drift and moraine.
Regolith (/ ˈ r ɛ ɡ ə l ɪ θ /) [1] [2] is a blanket of unconsolidated, loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock. It includes dust, broken rocks, and other related materials and is present on Earth, the Moon, Mars, some asteroids, and other terrestrial planets and moons. [3]
Much of this material remained unconsolidated; however, significant modification occurred as the material deepened, particularly with the cementation of the sand and gravel with calcium carbonate and silica. The top of the Ogallala is defined by a thick cap rock of hard limestone or caliche, broadly called "algal