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Side effects of medications may affect people with mTBI more severely than they do others, and thus it is recommended that medications be avoided if possible; [51] there may be a benefit to avoiding narcotic medications. [52] In addition, some pain medications prescribed for headaches can cause rebound headaches when they are discontinued. [53]
Hearing loss may have many different causes, but among those with tinnitus, the major cause is cochlear injury. [36] In many cases no underlying cause is identified. [2] [38] Ototoxic drugs also may cause subjective tinnitus, as they may cause hearing loss, [15] or increase the damage done by exposure to loud noise. [39]
Brain injuries are very hard to predict in the outcome. Many tests and specialists are needed to determine the likelihood of the prognosis. People with minor brain damage can have debilitating side effects; not just severe brain damage has debilitating effects. The side-effects of a brain injury depend on location and the body's response to injury.
Traumatic brain injury may cause a range of serious coincidental complications that include cardiac arrhythmias [115] and neurogenic pulmonary edema. [116] These conditions must be adequately treated and stabilised as part of the core care. Surgery can be performed on mass lesions or to eliminate objects that have penetrated the brain.
Tinnitus (ringing in the ears) Migraine; Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (potentially fatal skin reactions) Motorial weakness; Creatinine increase; Elevated liver enzymes; Hepatitis (liver swelling) Stomatitis (mouth swelling) Liver failure; Pulmonary oedema (fluid in the lungs) Gastrointestinal bleeding; Pulmonary embolism
Tinnitus retraining therapy, a treatment originally used to treat tinnitus, uses broadband noise to treat hyperacusis. Pink noise can also be used to treat hyperacusis. By listening to broadband noise at soft levels for a disciplined period of time each day, some patients can rebuild (i.e., re-establish) their tolerances to sound.