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Parallel plane segments with the same orientation and area corresponding to the same bivector a ∧ b. [1] In mathematics, a bivector or 2-vector is a quantity in exterior algebra or geometric algebra that extends the idea of scalars and vectors. Considering a scalar as a degree-zero quantity and a vector as a degree-one quantity, a bivector is ...
The source free equations can be written by the action of the exterior derivative on this 2-form. But for the equations with source terms (Gauss's law and the Ampère-Maxwell equation), the Hodge dual of this 2-form is needed. The Hodge star operator takes a p-form to a (n − p)-form, where n is the number of dimensions.
An example of a null field is a plane electromagnetic wave in Minkowski space. A non-null field is characterised by P 2 + Q 2 ≠ 0 {\displaystyle P^{2}+Q^{2}\neq \,0} . If P ≠ 0 = Q {\displaystyle P\neq 0=Q} , there exists an inertial reference frame for which either the electric or magnetic field vanishes.
T −2: Area: A: Extent of a surface m 2: L 2: extensive, bivector or scalar Area density: ρ A: Mass per unit area kg⋅m −2: L −2 M: intensive Capacitance: C: Stored charge per unit electric potential farad (F = C/V) L −2 M −1 T 4 I 2: scalar Catalytic activity concentration: Change in reaction rate due to presence of a catalyst per ...
Examples of geometric algebras applied in physics include the spacetime algebra (and the less common algebra of physical space). Geometric calculus , an extension of GA that incorporates differentiation and integration , can be used to formulate other theories such as complex analysis and differential geometry , e.g. by using the Clifford ...
This theory stipulated that all the laws of physics should take the same form in all coordinate systems – this led to the introduction of tensors. The tensor formalism also leads to a mathematically simpler presentation of physical laws. The inhomogeneous Maxwell equation leads to the continuity equation:
In mathematical physics, spacetime algebra (STA) is the application of Clifford algebra Cl 1,3 (R), or equivalently the geometric algebra G(M 4) to physics. Spacetime algebra provides a "unified, coordinate-free formulation for all of relativistic physics, including the Dirac equation, Maxwell equation and General Relativity" and "reduces the mathematical divide between classical, quantum and ...
A 2-blade is a simple bivector. Sums of 2-blades are also bivectors, but not always simple. A 2-blade may be expressed as the wedge product of two vectors a and b: . A 3-blade is a simple trivector, that is, it may be expressed as the wedge product of three vectors a, b, and c: .