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Parallel plane segments with the same orientation and area corresponding to the same bivector a ∧ b. [1] In mathematics, a bivector or 2-vector is a quantity in exterior algebra or geometric algebra that extends the idea of scalars and vectors. Considering a scalar as a degree-zero quantity and a vector as a degree-one quantity, a bivector is ...
The source free equations can be written by the action of the exterior derivative on this 2-form. But for the equations with source terms (Gauss's law and the Ampère-Maxwell equation), the Hodge dual of this 2-form is needed. The Hodge star operator takes a p-form to a (n − p)-form, where n is the number of dimensions.
the bivector has two distinct principal null directions; in this case, the bivector is called non-null. Furthermore, for any non-null bivector, the two eigenvalues associated with the two distinct principal null directions have the same magnitude but opposite sign, λ = ±ν, so we have three subclasses of non-null bivectors: spacelike: ν = 0
Examples of geometric algebras applied in physics include the spacetime algebra (and the less common algebra of physical space). Geometric calculus , an extension of GA that incorporates differentiation and integration , can be used to formulate other theories such as complex analysis and differential geometry , e.g. by using the Clifford ...
In mathematical physics, spacetime algebra (STA) is the application of Clifford algebra Cl 1,3 (R), or equivalently the geometric algebra G(M 4) to physics. Spacetime algebra provides a "unified, coordinate-free formulation for all of relativistic physics, including the Dirac equation, Maxwell equation and General Relativity" and "reduces the mathematical divide between classical, quantum and ...
A 2-blade is a simple bivector. Sums of 2-blades are also bivectors, but not always simple. A 2-blade may be expressed as the wedge product of two vectors a and b: . A 3-blade is a simple trivector, that is, it may be expressed as the wedge product of three vectors a, b, and c: .
A bivector is an element of the antisymmetric tensor product of a tangent space with itself. In geometric algebra, also, a bivector is a grade 2 element (a 2-vector) resulting from the wedge product of two vectors, and so it is geometrically an oriented area, in the same way a vector is an oriented line segment.
A two-vector or bivector [1] is a tensor of type () and it is the dual of a two-form, meaning that it is a linear functional which maps two-forms to the real numbers (or more generally, to scalars). The tensor product of a pair of vectors is a two-vector.