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Japanese adjectives are unusual in being closed class but quite numerous – about 700 adjectives – while most languages with closed class adjectives have very few. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Some believe this is due to a grammatical change of inflection from an aspect system to a tense system, with adjectives predating the change.
Japanese verbs, like the verbs of many other languages, can be morphologically modified to change their meaning or grammatical function – a process known as conjugation. In Japanese , the beginning of a word (the stem ) is preserved during conjugation, while the ending of the word is altered in some way to change the meaning (this is the ...
Japanese verb conjugation is very regular, as is usual for an agglutinative language, but there are a number of exceptions.The best-known irregular verbs (不規則動詞 [citation needed], fukisoku dōshi) are the common verbs する suru "do" and 来る kuru "come", sometimes categorized as the two Group 3 verbs.
In general, Japanese utterances can be syntactically split into discrete phrases (known in the Hashimoto school of grammar as bunsetsu (文節) [1]). For example, the utterance 母が料理をして父が皿を洗います ( Haha-ga ryōri-o shite chichi-ga sara-o arai-masu "My mother cooks and my father washes the dishes") can be subdivided ...
Japanese Nominal Structure as proposed by Akira Watanabe. In generative grammar, one proposed structure of Japanese nominal phrases includes three layers of functional projections: #P, CaseP, and QuantifierP. [5] Here, #P is placed above NP to explain Japanese's lack of plural morphology, and to make clear the # head is the stem of such ...
In Late Old Japanese, tari-adjectives developed as a variant of nari-adjectives. Most nari-adjectives became na-adjectives in Modern Japanese, while tari-adjectives either died out or survived as taru-adjective fossils, but a few nari adjectives followed a similar path to the tari-adjectives and became naru-adjective fossils. They are generally ...
Analogous orthographic conventions find occasional use in English, which, being more familiar, help in understanding okurigana. As an inflection example, when writing Xing for cross-ing, as in Ped Xing (pedestrian crossing), the -ing is a verb suffix, while cross is the dictionary form of the verb – in this case cross is the reading of the character X, while -ing is analogous to okurigana.
The basic principle in Japanese word order is that modifiers come before what they modify. For example, in the sentence "こんな夢を見た。" (Konna yume o mita), [7] the direct object "こんな 夢" (this sort of dream) modifies the verb "見た" (saw, or in this case had). Beyond this, the order of the elements in a sentence is ...