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Some PSA engines also include a knock sensor for ignition timing adjustment, [4] perhaps this was achieved using an external Knock Control Regulator. The Motronic units have 2 injection outputs, and the injectors are arranged in 2 "banks" which fire once every two engine revolutions.
External Device Monitor (EDM). The device issuing the OSSD signals may have an EDM input. The EDM is used to verify that the controlled device (safety relay) did indeed open when the OSSD signals were dropped. The safety relay has normally closed contacts, which close when the relay is de-energized, thereby turning on the EDM input.
Stability analysis of low-dropout linear regulators with a PMOS pass element Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine This electronics-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
Modern knock control-loop systems are able to adjust ignition timings for every cylinder individually. Depending on the specific engine the boost pressure is regulated simultaneously. This way performance is kept at its optimum while mostly eliminating the risk of engine damage caused by knock (e.g. when running on low octane fuel). [5]
Low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI), also known as stochastic pre-ignition (SPI), [1] is a pre-ignition event that occurs in gasoline vehicle engines when there is a premature ignition of the main fuel charge. [2] LSPI is most common in certain turbocharged direct-injection vehicles operating in low-speed and high-load driving conditions. [3]
Unfortunately, the low cost of the transducer is partially offset by the cost of the additional signal-processing circuitry needed to recover a useful signal. And because the magnitude of the signal developed by the VR sensor is proportional to target speed, it is difficult to design circuitry to accommodate very-low-speed signals.
Other types of resolver are multipole resolvers. They have 2p poles (p pole pairs), and thus can deliver p cycles in one rotation of the rotor: the electrical angle is p times the mechanical angle. Some types of resolvers include both types, with the 2-pole windings used for absolute position and the multipole windings for accurate position.
The Hi-Z state's purpose is to effectively remove a device's influence from the rest of the circuit. If multiple devices output to a shared wire, no device should drive the shared wire to one logical voltage level when another device drives the shared wire to another logical voltage level, since that competition would result in excessive current draw through the short circuit and an uncertain ...