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In C++11 a std::future provides a read-only view. The value is set directly by using a std::promise, or set to the result of a function call using std::packaged_task or std::async. In the Dojo Toolkit's Deferred API as of version 1.5, a consumer-only promise object represents a read-only view. [7]
Methods that make use of await must be declared with the async keyword. In methods that have a return value of type Task<T>, methods declared with async must have a return statement of type assignable to T instead of Task<T>; the compiler wraps the value in the Task<T> generic.
Alternatives are synchronous method invocation and future objects. [4] An example for an application that may make use of AMI is a web browser that needs to display a web page even before all images are loaded. Since method is a special case of procedure, asynchronous method invocation is a special case of asynchronous procedure call.
The goal is to introduce concurrency, by using asynchronous method invocation and a scheduler for handling requests. [2] The pattern consists of six elements: [3] A proxy, which provides an interface towards clients with publicly accessible methods. An interface which defines the method request on an active object. A list of pending requests ...
A function that accepts a callback parameter may be designed to call back before returning to its caller which is known as synchronous or blocking. The function that accepts a callback may be designed to store the callback so that it can be called back after returning which is known as asynchronous, non-blocking or deferred.
A reusable asynchronous procedure is termed Actor. In the Actor model two ports are used: one to receive input, and another (hidden) port to handle the input. In Dataflow programming many ports are used, passing to an execution service when all inputs are present.
C++—thread and coroutine support libraries [12] [13] Cω (C omega)—for research, extends C#, uses asynchronous communication; C#—supports concurrent computing using lock, yield, also since version 5.0 async and await keywords introduced; Clojure—modern, functional dialect of Lisp on the Java platform
The data from these papers is summarized in the following table, where the dispatch ratio DR is the average number of methods per generic function; the choice ratio CR is the mean of the square of the number of methods (to better measure the frequency of functions with a large number of methods); [2] [3] and the degree of specialization DoS is ...