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Function CRC32 Input: data: Bytes // Array of bytes Output: crc32: UInt32 // 32-bit unsigned CRC-32 value // Initialize CRC-32 to starting value crc32 ← 0xFFFFFFFF for each byte in data do nLookupIndex ← (crc32 xor byte) and 0xFF crc32 ← (crc32 shr 8) xor CRCTable[nLookupIndex] // CRCTable is an array of 256 32-bit constants
To compute an n-bit binary CRC, line the bits representing the input in a row, and position the (n + 1)-bit pattern representing the CRC's divisor (called a "polynomial") underneath the left end of the row. In this example, we shall encode 14 bits of message with a 3-bit CRC, with a polynomial x 3 + x + 1.
In the above equations, + + represents the original message bits 111, + is the generator polynomial, and the remainder (equivalently, ) is the CRC. The degree of the generator polynomial is 1, so we first multiplied the message by x 1 {\displaystyle x^{1}} to get x 3 + x 2 + x {\displaystyle x^{3}+x^{2}+x} .
The equivalent circuit model (ECM) is a common lumped-element model for Lithium-ion battery cells. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The ECM simulates the terminal voltage dynamics of a Li-ion cell through an equivalent electrical network composed passive elements, such as resistors and capacitors , and a voltage generator .
For example, consider a battery with a capacity of 200 Ah at the C 20 rate (C 20 means the 20-hour rate – i.e. the rate that will fully discharge the battery in 20 hours – which in this case is 10 A). If this battery is discharged at 10 A, it will last 20 hours, giving the rated capacity of 200 Ah.
Depth of discharge (DoD) is an important parameter appearing in the context of rechargeable battery operation. Two non-identical definitions can be found in commercial and scientific sources. The depth of discharge is defined as: the maximum fraction of a battery's capacity (given in Ah) which is removed from the charged battery on a regular basis.
Given a prime number q and prime power q m with positive integers m and d such that d ≤ q m − 1, a primitive narrow-sense BCH code over the finite field (or Galois field) GF(q) with code length n = q m − 1 and distance at least d is constructed by the following method.
In a battery electric vehicle (BEV), the state of charge indicates the remaining energy in the battery pack. [4] It is the equivalent of a fuel gauge.. The state of charge can help to reduce electrical car's owners' anxiety when they are waiting in the line or stay at home since it will reflect the progress of charging and let owners know when it will be ready. [5]